An effective KM process starts with identifying needs for both tacit and explicit knowledge. To design and tailor KM efforts, it is important to establish a clear understanding of roles and action foci among key audiences at the individual (e.g., health care providers, program managers) and organizational (e.g., health agencies, NGOs) levels. Readiness of actors in capturing and applying knowledge needs to be assessed. It is also useful to conduct a knowledge audit or mapping exercise and environmental scan of existing information to understand gaps and unmet needs. Questions to assess knowledge needs include: What challenges do the clients seek to address? How can knowledge contribute to addressing these challenges? What and where can relevant and useful knowledge be found? What needs are already met and can these needs be met better?